Whatever you see fits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Whatever you see fits - Essay Example The votes clearly indicate that most of the electors support the executive office and their economic strategy for the subsequent four years. The popular vote on the other hand does not affect the outcome of the presidential elections at all. A presidential candidate may gunner the highest popular vote, but trail in the electoral votes. This means they do not succeed in the whole election process (Sabato, 34). The popular vote may only be used to examine if or not the United States citizens feel content with the outcome of a particular election. According to Chang, the popular vote only has significance in the states where it determines the direction of the electoral votes (122). The Romney Ryan campaign will remain as one of the most strategic and expensive campaign the republicans have ever conducted. Firstly, Romney lost due to his rhetoric statement on immigration that he delivered during his bid. Most minorities and young persons feared that if he won they will not receive fair treatment. Romney’s stand on same sex marriage was also a major factor that made him lose. Majority of Americans states support same sex marriages hence the democrats had an advantage over them. The issue of abortion was also a major factor during the campaign. Most women in America support abortion, but the Romney Ryan campaign was against it. This issue made the Romney Ryan campaign almost insensitive among the female population and the resultant was a loss of a significant number of votes. The Obama Biden campaign on the other hand won because it focused more on populous regions across the nation. Additionally, the campaign focused on satisfying the needs of the minority. The campaign was sensitive to the Hispanics, women and gay couples. This played a major role in ensuring the campaign clinched the majority of the votes in the swing states. With

The Basic Beliefs Of Buddhism Philosophy Essay

The Basic Beliefs Of Buddhism Philosophy Essay Buddhism, like most of the major religions in the world, divided into different traditions. However, most of the traditional shares of common basic beliefs. (Robinson) I. Basic Points of Buddhism About 35 years of age, Siddhartha Gautama sat under the shade of Bho tree to meditate, and he decided to meditate until he reached the enlightenment. Seven weeks after that, he received the Great Enlightenment which are The Four Noble Truths and the Eight fold path. From that time, he was known as Buddha. The Middle Way is a philosophical idea and psychological causes and healing of suffering and evil. People should understand the four noble truths and follow the Eightfold Path, making them able to reach the complete state of Nirvana. (Theory of Buddhism ) The Buddha told their followers not to have many earthly possessions. By this way, they will not feel pain or unhappy. Buddha taught people to be good, sincere and kind. They should not kill or harm living things. He wished that the people have good thoughts and help each others. According to the teachings of the Buddha, each person experiences life many times. We call this reincarnation . If a human do something bad in one life time, he or she might be an little insect or an animal in his or her next life. Buddha also taught that if the people are good during a life, they will not have to return to Earth anymore. Then they would reach a state of Nirvana, a state where there is no death or birth. (Theory of Buddhism ) The basic belief of Buddhism is often called the reincarnation the idea that people are reborn after death. (Robinson) In fact, many people go through the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth again and again. There are some practical difference between the Buddhist concepts of reincarnation and rebirth. The Reincarnation, a person can be repeated several times. But rebirth, the man is not necessarily a return to the earth as the same thing ever again. He compared it with the leaves that grow on the tree. When the leaf falls off the tree, a new leaf will later replace it. It looks similar the old leaf, but not look exactly the same. (Robinson) After several cycles, if a person can abandon their devotion to desire and the self, they can reach Nirvana. It is a state of liberation and freedom from suffering. (Robinson) Buddhists believe that Buddha is their only Master and there is no god. They take refuge in the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha. They Following the example of the Buddha and consider that the goal of life is to develop sympathy for all living creators without any perception and to work for their happiness, their good and peace and to enlarge wisdom leading to the understanding of Ultimate Truth. They also accept the Four Noble Truths and accept that there is no self(anaatma). They also accept that in different countries there are differences in the life of Buddhist monks, Buddhist practices and beliefs, rituals and ceremonies, habits and customs. These superficial forms and expressions should not be confounded with the basic teachings of the Buddha. (The Basic Points of Buddhism) Buddha accepted the law of karma and reincarnation. He said that Nirvana is not just a state of extinction but the highest destiny of the human spirit. Buddha did not believe that their is deity and he believes that all men had no soul. He denies the existence of every kind of substance. Ones life after achieving Nirvana is unfathomable and reborn does not belong to him anymore. (Theory of Buddhism ) II. The Four Noble Truths In his first preachment after attaining enlightenment, Buddha taught the Four Noble Truths, which form the fundamental belief for all branches of Buddhism (The Purpose of Life According to Buddhism) The Four Noble Truths, forming the basic of Buddhism, are: The Noble Truth of Suffering (Dukkha) The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering (Samudaya) The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering (Nirodha) The Noble Truth that leads to the an end of Suffering (Magga) The First Noble Truth shows that the Suffering is real and it causes from sickness, failure, pain, and impermanence of pleasure. (Theory of Buddhism ) The Second Noble Truth shows us the cause of suffering. Suffering are caused by indulging in inherently endless desires. All forms of selfishness that separate us from others, life, and reality, such as, jealousness and anger. (Theory of Buddhism ) The Third Noble Truth states an end of suffering . suffering will stop when we are able to overcome these cravings and desires. We must try to not stick to the objects of the world. (Robinson) The Fourth Noble Truth tells us how to end suffering. We must follow the Noble Eight-fold Path. (Robinson) III. The Eight-fold Path In Buddhism, it is believed that a person can escape from the cycle of birth and death by following the noble eightfold path, by following these eight steps. (Buddhist Belief) 1) Right Understanding of the Four Noble Truths 2) Right thinking, following the right path in life 3) Right speech: no criticism, lying, gossip, harsh language, condemning 4) Right conduct by following the Buddhists Five Precepts 5) Right livelihood; assist yourself without harming others 6) Right Effort: promote good thoughts and overcome bad thoughts 7) Right Mindfulness: Become conscious of your body, mind and feelings 8) Right Concentration: Meditate to attain a higher state of knowledge. (Robinson) The Buddha analyses the problems of life as Four Noble Truths. And the Eight-fold Path is the way of treatment. Anyone who have followed the eight-fold path and reaches the point of attending Nirvana are called arhat, or saint. (Theory of Buddhism ) IV. Buddhist Deities Theravada sect of Buddhism does believe that there is no god. But the Mahayana sect, celestial Buddhas and bodhisattvas are at the universe as Gods. The most popular Buddhist supernatural include the Kuan Yin, the Medicine Buddha, the Green, Laughing Buddha and White Taras, etc. (Buddhist Deities) V. Human Nature In Buddhism, there is no soul or spirit. But a human being is believed to be made up of five elements, feelings, namely physical form, mental developments, ideations and awareness. These elements combine to form a human being at the time of birth. However, because Buddhism believes in reincarnation and karma, people find a little contradiction here. (Buddhist Belief) VI. The Purpose of Living The main goal of life of all Buddhists, is the end of suffering by knowing the four noble truths of life and following the noble eightfold path. The Buddha taught that humans suffer because we always seek for things that do not give lasting happiness. We attach to persons, health, material things , that do not last and this causes sadness. (Buddhist Beliefs) The Buddha did not say that there are nothings in life that give joy, but say that none of them last long and if we stick to them, it only causes more suffering. His teachings were focused basically on this problem and its solution. (Buddhist Belief) VII. Buddhist Beliefs about the Afterlife According to Buddha s teaching, after death one is either reborn into another body or attains nirvana. (Buddhist Beliefs about the Afterlife) A. Reincarnation (Transmigration) Based on his teaching that there is no soul, the Buddha described reincarnation, in a different way than the others understanding. He compared our life to the flame candle. Although each flame is some how connected to the one that came before it, but it is still not the same one. And in Buddhism, reincarnation is usually referred to as transmigration. B. Nirvana Nirvana is the state of freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth again and again. It is also the end of any suffering. VIII. Theravada Buddhisms Teachings Hinayana (Little Vehicle) or Theravada Buddhism centered in Southeast Asia is traditional, and they try to follow the original teachings of Buddha. They see human as completely dependent on individual effort. They teach wisdom as the key virtue and consider religion as a duty, mostly for monks. They also consider Buddha as a saint, avoid ritual, and limit prayer to meditation. Their ideal is arhat or sainthood. (Theory of Buddhism ) IX. Mahayana Buddhisms Teachings Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) Buddhism has spread all over the world and has the principle that Buddha taught many things in secret to the follower who could properly interpret them. It sees human as associated with others. It considers sympathy as their key virtue and believes that its religion is suitable to life in the world. Hence, it is a religion for everyone not only for monks. The Mahayana Buddhists sees Buddha as a savior. Their ideal is the Bodhisattva or a person who has achieved enlightenment but postpones Nirvana attainment to stay in heaven and answer prayers and help humans who are in need. Mahayana Buddhism regards Buddha as a incarnate, divine savior, sinless person. For them, Buddha is all knowing and everlasting. For them, Buddha is a member of the Buddhist Trinity. (Theory of Buddhism ) According to Mahayana believe, those who is regular person could also attain enlightenment and end the cycle of rebirth Mahayana also provided us the faster routes to enlightenment than Theravada, This makes it possible to reach the goal in a single life time. As it spread into the north of India and throughout Asia, Mahayana Buddhism splited into several groups, each with a different view on the path to enlightenment. But the common believe in all forms of Mahayana Buddhism is that anyone can achieve the goal in this life. (The Purpose of Life According to Buddhism)

The Algerian Civil War 1992-2002 :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"Thus, what motivates men to slay the enemy is anger,† Sun Tzu says in The Art of War. The conflict between Algerian Islamic fundamentalists and the Algerian military backed government is rooted in anger. The conflict, which began as skirmishes between government forces and Islamic fundamentalists, has taken on the proportions of a civil war as fundamentalists carried out kidnappings, assassinations and other forms of civil disturbance. The government has tried pacifying the Muslims by including Islamic leaders in the government, but extreme violence committed by both parties in the conflict has made a peaceful solution difficult to achieve. This violence has claimed the lives of an estimated 100,000 people in the years between 1990 and 2002. The Roots of Anger The clash between the fundamentalists and the military government stems from Algeria’s experimentation with political liberalization. The attempt to create more points of view and more political parties in the government has backfired horrendously. The violence of modern day Algeria stems from the failure of mild democratization in the North African country. Following nomination by the National Liberation Front (FLN) party, Chadli Bendjedid was elected President in 1979 and re-elected in 1984 and 1988. The National Liberation Front ruled as a virtual one-party regime until the political system was reformed in 1989. Antigovernment sentiment stemming from corruption, housing shortages, unemployment, and other severe economic and social problems boosted the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) despite the party’s quite public commitment to theocratic rule under Islamic law. This seemingly innocuous act was actually quite revolutionary. For the first time, an Arab country had authorized the creation of a political party that had made the creation of an Islamic republic its main goal . A new constitution was adopted in 1989 that allowed the formation of political parties other than the FLN. It also removed the armed forces, which had run the government since the days of the 1980s, from a designated role in the operation of the government. Between 1989 and 1990, forty-four new political parties emerged, many with distinct social agendas. These agendas included human rights, independent women organizations and other cultural movements . Among the scores of parties that sprang up under the new constitution, the militant Islamic Salvation Front was the most successful, winning more than 50% of all votes cast in elections in 1990 as well as in the first stage of national elections held in December 1991.

Education Disparity

Education disparity I consider the education the most important thing. This Is the Inducement of everything. It is the basis, the key of everything what then you can rely on. The Inequality in the education was always an Issue everywhere in the world, where a minority is exist. Not just in the developing countries, for instance Africa, but in the developed countries too. The lack of good education is I think the first issue facing various societies all over the world.A good education, which is not reached of veryone, provides the children for have good chances in the life, to be successful, to be able to compete In the labor market and to get a good Job. Those who do not have the oopportunity to learn in the same circumstances, because of the discrimination based on race or financial status, without education they will not be able to cope with the others, so it's a vicious circle.The state, which not support the social mobility and the government which not make enough effort for the integration cant be succeed, because think, the state's aim is to have well educated, occupied citizens to be able o develop. The state should not grudge the money for these Integration programs and for the education, because these educational differences cause mostly the problem between the minority and majority. It's something which Is completely solvable; we Just should deal with it. I would like to introduce an example from Hungary. Here, there is a very big gipsy minority which causes a big problem in the country.People Just can not keep saying that they do not work, they do not study, they do not pay the taxes. But why they do ot work? Why they do not study? May because they do not have the same oopportunity to do It, because there are segregated schools and they not treated the same like the others. I was volunteering in one of these segregated schools in Budapest, where Just gipsy kids were studying. After school on Fridays I went there and I tutored some of these kids, help ed them to learn reading, counting, I prepared them to a performance. I saw the circumstances where they were learning, their teachers, their parent's, their possibilities.If you live in a poor neighborhood, or you are a member of the minority, It's expected that the school you attend are lacking many necessities. This issue is also in connection with the racism, and I would like to come up with Jane Elliott's -blue-eyed/brown-eyed† experience. If there is an prejudice from the minority, that for instance they do not study and work, after a time they will act according to the prejudice. So if people say that the minority do not want to work and study, and people do not do anything against this (they do not give the opportunity), the minority will accept that situation and they will act like the prejudice.The break-out Is very hard, because the paren'tal education and behaviors really affect the cchildren's future. The disparity is also manifest itself in financial differences. The poverty in many cases also do not have the same opportunities like the others, however they are the 1 OF2 think it does not premote social equality as effectively as it should. In many cases there are very talented, enthusiastic sstudents who can not attend in the higher ducation because of the lack of money.I would pay much more attention to these problems. First of all I would create equality in the education to give the possibilities to everyone. I would invest more money to the education, because in long- term this is the key why a nation can be successful. It's something which is very profitable, because the education and the economy are sthrongly connected. Secondly, there should be more programs which premote the social mobility and the talented people. I would expand the economic foundation for the grants and sscholarship.

Belbins Roles In Learning Education Essay

This study is all about our group work. How we formed the group and completed the work. What jobs we faced and how we overcome them. Theories we used and the acquisition ‘s. My study is divided into 2 parts: A and B. Part A – how we did it – procedure Part B – what we did – contentPart – AngstromWhilst working in the group we experienced so many things, we besides learn how of import group work is. We besides learnt how to work in the group as a squad participant. We besides noticed as a group we had gone through all the phases which are said by B W Tuckman, which is as follows:FORMINGThis is the phase where we formed our group. We were in group â€Å" D † which was formed by our professor indiscriminately and I got the chance to take the group with the common consent of all group members. Our group consist of 6 members and their descriptions are follows:NameBelbin functionsDescriptionStrengthsFailingShatrughna ( raj )squad leaderTeam worker Cares for persons and the squad. Good hearer and works to decide societal jobs. Can hold jobs doing hard determinations. Co-operative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic Listens, physiques, averts clash Indecisive in crunch state of affairssVijay SinghCompleter Closer Faithfully sees things through to the terminal, pressing out the furrows and guaranting everything plants good. Can worry excessively much and non trust others. Painstaking, careful and dying Searchs out errors and skips Delivers on clip Inclined to worry overly Unwilling to deputeShervinCo -ordinator Respected leader who helps everyone focal point on their undertaking. Can be seen as overly commanding. Mature, confident, a good president Explains ends, promotes decision-making, delegates good Can frequently be seen as manipulative Off tonss personal workGinsySpecialist Has expert knowledge/skills in cardinal countries and will work out many jobs here. Can be disinterested in all other countries. Single-minded, self-starting, dedicated Provides cognition and accomplishments in rare supply Contributes merely on a narrow forepart Dwells on triflesKayMaker Tonss of energy and action, disputing others to travel forwards. Can be insensitive. Challenging, dynamic and thrives on force per unit area The thrust and bravery to get the better of obstructions Prone to aggravation Offends people ‘s feelingsAZeeshanResource research worker Explores new thoughts and possibilities with energy and with others. Good networker. Can be excessively optimistic and lose energy after the initial flower. Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative Explores chances Develops contacts Over-optimistic Loses involvement one time initial enthusiasm has passed From the above tabular array we can understand that we had every possible Belbin ‘s characters in our group. Bing the leader of the group I had the duty of our success and failure. My biggest challenge was to maintain integrity within the group and at the same clip I had to concentrate on our undertaking: things like subject, research and all. First thing I did was the debut session, where we all sat together in the canteen and introduced ourselves to each other. In that clip we didnt speak anything about our subject and undertaking. The chief thought was to cognize each other really good so that everyone feels comfy in working together. Following measure was how we will pass on with each other so I made a private web site for our squad where we all can come any clip and unrecorded confab, web log, remark and interchange our thoughts.www.freewebs.com/time4studyLearning:High dependance on leader for counsel and way. Small understanding on squad aims other than received from leader. Individual functions and duties are ill-defined. Leader must be prepared to reply tonss of inquiries about the squad ‘s intent, aims and external relationships. Procedures are frequently ignored. Members test tolerance of system and leader. Leader directs ( similar to Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Telling ‘ manner ) .STORMINGThis is the phase where I realised the importance of Belbin ‘s theory. Before get downing the undertaking we had to take a subject so I came up with several subjects. When I put my thoughts in forepart of everyone, I got different responses from different people, as said in belbin ‘s theory people started demoing their characters. We all were confused, tensed and started sort of contending. Thingss were looking truly bad and I was truly disquieted about the integrity in the group. I besides saw a sort of group formation within our group. Then I personally approached everyone. I spoke to them separately about what ‘s incorrect. What is the job? I tried my best to convert them about the importance of integrity and fortuitously I got a positive response. Actually there was no job ; it ‘s merely the clang of different personalities. And subsequently on everyone realised that. So eventually we decided on one subject and consulted our coach about our thought. We got really good response from our coach and once more we were happy and united.Learning:Decisions do n't come easy within group. Team members vie for place as they attempt to set up themselves in relation to other squad members and the leader, who might have challenges from squad members. Clarity of purpose additions but plentifulness of uncertainnesss persist. Cliques and cabals signifier and there may be power battles. The squad needs to be focused on its ends to avoid going distracted by relationships and emotional issues. Compromises may be required to enable advancement. Leader managers ( similar to Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Selling ‘ manner ) .NORMINGNow everything was clear, there was no misinterpretation and most significantly we knew our subject of research. This is the phase where people started sharing their jobs with each other and recognized my function as a squad leader. Now I wanted to organize everything decently so that we do n't halt in the center. I distributed the work and gave them the option for any alterations. I asked everyone separately if they are happy or non. Again I had to do some alterations in our programs for their convenience. Now, we knew precisely what everyone had to make. Everyone knew their functions, their country of research and work. We all started concentrating on our portion of research.Raj( Research, information assemblage, organizing, accounts, debut and decision, assisting everyone )Vijay( Problems, types, illustrations, impact, planing, )Ginsy( Psychological jobs, impact )Shervin( Solutions and recommendations )ZeeshanHelping custodiesKayHelping custodiesLearning:Agreement and consensus is mostly formed amongst squad, who respond good to facilitation by leader. Roles and duties are clear and accepted. Large determinations are made by group understanding. Smaller determinations may be delegated to persons or little squads within group. Commitment and integrity is strong. The squad may prosecute in merriment and societal activities. The squad discusses and develops its procedures and working manner. There is general regard for the leader and some of leading is more shared by the squad. Leader f acilitates and enables ( similar to the Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Participating ‘ manner ) .ActingUndertakings were given now the clip was to execute and everyone had to demo their quality. Result was flooring. We all shared our work and we all were really happy to see that we were on the right path. Personally, I was really happy to see the quality of our work. Everyone had done tonss of difficult work which was demoing in the research stuff. I had great trouble while finalizing the presentation. I was confused about what to see in the presentation and what should go forth. Fortunately everyone were collaborating and believing about what is best for the group. We finished our presentation and were thirstily waiting for showing it in forepart of everyone.Learning:The squad is more strategically cognizant ; the squad knows clearly what it is making and why it is making. The squad has a shared vision and is able to stand on its ain pess with no intervention or engagemen t from the leader. There is a focal point on over-achieving ends, and the squad makes most of the determinations against standards agreed with the leader. The squad has a high grade of liberty. Disagreements occur but now they are resolved within the squad positively and necessary alterations to procedures and construction are made by the squad. The squad is able to work towards accomplishing the end, and besides to go to to relationship, manner and procedure issues along the manner. Team members look after each other. The squad requires delegated undertakings and undertakings from the leader. The squad does non necessitate to be instructed or assisted. Team members might inquire for aid from the leader with personal and interpersonal development. Leader delegates and oversees ( similar to the Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Delegating ‘ manner ) .ADJOURNINGLearning:Tuckman ‘s 5th phase, Adjourning, is the break-up of the group, hopefully when the undertaking is compl eted successfully, its intent fulfilled ; everyone can travel on to new things, experiencing good about what ‘s been achieved. From an organisational position, acknowledgment of and sensitiveness to people ‘s exposures in Tuckman ‘s 5th phase is helpful, peculiarly if members of the group have been closely bonded and experience a sense of insecurity or menace from this alteration. Feelingss of insecurity would be natural for people with high ‘steadiness ‘ properties ( as respects the ‘four dispositions ‘ or DISC theoretical account ) and with strong modus operandi and empathy manner ( as respects theA BenzigerA believing manners theoretical account, right and left basal encephalon laterality ) .Part – BacillusWhat is our subject? Our subject of presentation and research was â€Å" employee favoritism † Why we chose this subject? While analyzing human resources we noticed that we did n't discourse about diverseness and favoritism and this is the biggest job faced by all administrations because of globalization. We thought this is a alone subject and everyone will acquire the opportunity to larn how favoritism impacts and what is the solution. After all today or tomorrow we all are traveling to confront this job.My part:As a squad leader I had to take the enterprise and inspire others from my work. I started posting my work on our web site. I did research on – Diversity and favoritism, Meaning and definitions London as a diverse metropolis Problems and impact Solutions and recommendations Laws and moralss My entire work was around 10,000 words. ( Can be viewed on our web site ) hypertext transfer protocol: //time4study.webs.com/apps/blog/My work methodological analysis:Undertakingaˆ? specify the undertaking aˆ? make the program aˆ? allocate work and resources aˆ? control quality and rate of work aˆ? cheque public presentation against program aˆ? adjust the programTeamaˆ? maintain subject aˆ? physique squad spirit aˆ? encourage, motivate, give a sense of intent aˆ? appoint sub-leaders aˆ? guarantee communicating within group aˆ? develop the groupMembershipSize of the groupCompatibility of membersDiversenessIndividualaˆ? attend to personal jobs aˆ? congratulations persons aˆ? give position aˆ? recognize and utilize single abilities aˆ? develop the personCardinal Drivers:Group coherence + public presentationStructure and mannerManagement and leadingSuccessExternal menaceWork environmentNature ofthe undertakingPhysicalputingCommunicationTechnologyGroup development and adulthoodFormingRampingNormingPerformingLearning as Team leader:Learning as team leader:Ideal taking mannerAsking inquiries alternatively of giving repliesBy inquiring such inquiries such as â€Å" What do you believe we should make? † or â€Å" How make you propose we continue? † you take a measure behind another individual. Whether you stay behind, of class, depends on your purpose to really follow the suggestion or reply of that other individual.Supplying chances for others to take youThis goes beyond the traditional impression of looking for growing chances for other people. Unless the chance in inquiry bears a existent hazard for your personal public presentation result, you are non really positioning yourself as a follower.Ma king existent work in support of others alternatively of merely the contraryRolling up your arms and lending â€Å" perspiration equity † to the attempts and results of other people earns you their grasp as person upon whom they can depend, irrespective of the comparative hierarchical or functional place each of you holds.Leader must follow are:Individual public presentationAs a leader, you must follow another person, irrespective of hierarchy, if: aˆ? That person, through experience, accomplishment, and opinion, knows best. aˆ? That person ‘s growing demands that you invest more in his or her accomplishment and assurance than in your ain. aˆ? Merely that single, non you, has the capacity ( the clip and chance ) to â€Å" acquire it done †Team public presentationAs a leader, you must follow the squad if: aˆ? The squad ‘s intent and public presentation ends demand it aˆ? The squad, non you, must develop accomplishments and assurance aˆ? The squad ‘s agreed-upon working attack requires you, like all the others, to make existent workOrganizational public presentationAs a leader, you must follow others, irrespective of hierarchy, if: aˆ? The organisation ‘s intent and public presentation ends demand it aˆ? The demand for spread outing the leading capacity of others in the organisation requires it aˆ? â€Å" Living † the vision and values enjoins you to make soFive transformational manners:Transformational StyleLeader Behaviour1 ) Idealized Behaviors: populating one ‘s ideals aˆ? Talk about their most of import values and beliefs aˆ? Specify the importance of holding a strong sense of intent aˆ? See the moral and ethical effects of determinations aˆ? Champion exciting new possibilities aˆ? Talk about the importance of swearing each other2 ) Inspirational Motivation:animating others aˆ? Talk optimistically about the hereafter aˆ? Talk enthusiastically about what needs to be accomplished aˆ? Articulate a compelling vision of the hereafter aˆ? Express assurance that ends will be achieved aˆ? Provide an exciting image of what is indispensable to see aˆ? Take a base on controversial issues3 ) Intellectual Stimulation:exciting others aˆ? Re-examine critical premises to oppugn whether they are appropriate aˆ? Seek differing positions when work outing jobs aˆ? Get others to look at jobs from many different angles aˆ? Suggest new ways of looking at how to finish assignments aˆ? Encourage non-traditional thought to cover with traditional jobs aˆ? Encourage rethinking those thoughts which have ne'er been questioned before 4 ) Individualized Consideration: coaching and development aˆ? Spend clip instruction and coaching aˆ? Treat others as persons instead than merely as members of the group aˆ? Consider persons as holding different demands, abilities, and aspirations from others aˆ? Help others to develop their strengths aˆ? Listen attentively to others ‘ concerns aˆ? Promote ego development5 ) Idealized Properties:Respect, trust, and religion aˆ? Instill pride in others for being associated with them aˆ? Go beyond their opportunisms for the good of the group aˆ? Act in ways that build others ‘ regard aˆ? Display a sense of power and competency aˆ? Make personal forfeits for others ‘ benefit aˆ? Reassure others that obstructions will be overcomeDecisionAlthough non every group got to the harmonic public presentation phase, I felt really lucky to be portion of a cohesive group. Our group went through all five phases described by Tuckman. As we were schoolmates in the same class, we went through phase one really rapidly. The storming phase largely evolved in the first hebdomad when we discussed which sort of subject we should take. However, every struggle was dealt with rapidly and swimmingly, this was partially because we knew each other really good already, and besides because no 1 of us had a ascendant personality, and I would wish to state everyone in our group was really nice, helpful and difficult working. So every bit long as we decided to make the undertaking, we shortly engaged to norming phase and put up the regulations each one should follow. We did back up each other, and our communicating had ever been really good. Based on the successful old phases, our g roup performed really good, successfully developed the presentation. Finally, although our undertaking had finished, all five of us became really good friends, and maintain in good touch boulder clay now. After reexamining the theories together with my ain experience, I would reason that, in pattern, many groups can work good even without consciousness of this theoretical account. However, with these theoretical accounts ‘ aid, we can break understand what is go oning and traveling to go on during group development, and this consciousness can assist us to better decide any possible jobs and acquire to the perform phase more rapidly.

buy custom American Industrialization essay

buy custom American Industrialization essay During the period between 1865 and 1900, United States emerged as the global industrial power house. This period followed the end of Civil War, and a combination of factors spurred rapid growth of commerce and industries. These factors included the adequate land and cheap labor; availability of navigable rivers, coastal water ways and canals; ample presence of natural resources; and the government contribution towards the nations vision of rapid industrialization (David 10). The immediate goal of the government was to improve the nations economy, so as to uplift the living standards of the citizens as quickly as possible. To facilitate such growth, the authorities embarked on a plan of developing efficient infrastructure to enable reliability in movement of goods and services. Additionally, they avoided the implementation of rigid regulations to avoid dispiriting entrepreneurs. Due to high demand for housing and the governments policy of keeping tax rates as low as possible, the citizens easily found employment. This raised their income as well as their living standards, a situation which led to increase in the demand for commodities such as better clothing and healthier diet. This stimulated the proliferation of industries which in effect created more jobs and broadened the governments tax base (David 8). The importance of government contribution in infrastructure development facilitated organization and coordination amongst firms making them to evolve into a unified economy. As the nation dominance in the industrial sector became unrivalled, its global influence increased, and by the beginning of the 20th, the United States was apparently was the world economic and military superpower. These great achievements were realized following governments provision of an investment base that was beyond comparison. Moreover, liberalism in America appealed to many in dustrious individuals and groups who faced persecution at home, for example, the Germans, who had been resettled by the queen in the colonies following frequent invasions into their home country. Most of these immigrants were industrious, and their prominent attributes helped further the industrial growth. For quite a long time, however, only a few citizens have been privileged to possess real economic and political power in America (Richard 3). In fact, statistics have indicated that while 1% of the richest Americans own about 40% of the nations wealth, 40% of the poorest controls less that 1% of the economy. Nevertheless, better policies are being formulated to correct this discrepancy to enable everyone have an equitable share of the national wealth. In the formative years of the industrial revolution, the government laid the basis for a strong economy by investing considerably in science and technology. In addition, distinct political institutions, cultural identity, educational system, and social structure entrenched the values of self-sufficiency and entrepreneurship. These efforts ensured sustainability of the economy, despite facing challenges such as the Great Depression (Richard 5). Investment in these fields continues, and currently, America is a global player in computing and biotechnology. Buy custom American Industrialization essay

trumans decision essays

trumans decision essays While Americans and Japanese alike expected the war to end after a bloody invasion of Japan, the U.S. government was readying a secret weapon that would dramatically affect the wars outcome: the atomic bomb. In the spring and summer of 1945, American leaders would have to decide whether to use the new weapon without warning against Japanese cities. Years after the bombing of Japan, people all over the world are still questioning Trumans decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Its been said that the bomb was an immoral act of injustice, yet others see it as the only solution for ending World War II. At the time, the bomb was a promise of peace. When Truman became president on April 12, 1945, upon the death of President Roosevelt, he had no knowledge of the actual bomb project itself and his first information about what was really being done came from Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson on April 25th. Stimson himself was virtual head of the project and had been during the years of its development as a military weapon. Stimson had conferred frequently with President Roosevelt during this period but his last meeting with FDR had been on March 15th. Trumans first connection with the bomb project - though he knew nothing of what the project was - occurred long before he became President. It was during his senate service as a member of the appropriations committee and as chairman of the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program - known as the "Truman Committee," when the first appropriation for the project came before the appropriations committee. In talks with the President on at least two occasions he told me of this. He said the appropriation request did not disclose the nature of the project and, as a result, he ordered an investigator for his special committee to look into it. In his memoirs, Truman says that he sent investiga ...

Democracy Debate in Herodotus

Democracy Debate in Herodotus Herodotus, the Greek historian known as the Father of History, describes a debate on the three government types  (Herodotus III.80-82), in which proponents of each type tell whats wrong or right with democracy. 1. The monarchist  (supporter of rule by one person, be it a king, tyrant, dictator, or emperor) says freedom, one component of what we today think of as a democracy, can be given just as well by monarchs. 2. The oligarch  (supporter of rule by a few, especially the aristocracy but could also be the best educated) points out the inherent danger of democracy mob rule. 3. The pro-democracy speaker (supporter of rule by the citizens who in a direct democracy all vote on all issues) says in democracy magistrates are held accountable and are selected by lot; deliberation is made by the entire citizen body (optimally, according to Plato, 5040 adult males). Equality is the guiding principle of democracy. Read the three positions: Book III 80. When the tumult had subsided and more than five days had elapsed, those who had risen against the Magians began to take counsel about the general state, and there were spoken speeches which some of the  Hellenes  do not believe were really uttered, but spoken they were nevertheless. On the one hand Otanes urged that they should resign the government into the hands of the whole body of the Persians, and his words were as follows: To me, it seems best that no single one of us should henceforth be ruler, for that is neither pleasant nor profitable. Ye saw the insolent temper of Cambyses, to what lengths it went, and ye have had experience also of the insolence of the Magian: and how should the rule of one alone be a well-ordered thing, seeing that the monarch may do what he desires without rendering any account of his acts? Even the best of all men, if he were placed in this disposition, would be caused by it to change from his wonted disposition: for insolence is engendered in him by the good things which he possesses, and envy is implanted in man from the beginning; and having these two things, he has all vice: for he does many deeds of reckless wrong, partly moved by insolence proceeding from satiety, and partly by envy. And yet a despot at least ought to have been free from envy, seeing that he has all manner of good things. He is however naturally in just the opposite temper towards his subjects; for he grudges to the nobles that they should survive and live, but delights in the basest of citizens, and he is more ready than any other man to receive calumnies. Then of all things he is the most inconsistent; for if you express admiration of him moderately, he is offended that no very great court is paid to him, whereas if you pay court to him extravagantly, he is offended with you for being a flatterer. And the most important matter of all is that which I am about to say:he disturbs the customs handed down from our fathers, he is a ravisher of women, and he puts men to death without trial. On the other hand the rule of many has first a name attaching to it which is the fairest of all names, that is to say Equality; next, the multitude does none of those things which the monarch does: offices of stat e are exercised by lot, and the magistrates are compelled to render account of their action: and finally all matters of deliberation are referred to the public assembly. I therefore give as my opinion that we let monarchy go and increase the power of the multitude; for in the many is contained everything. 81. This was the opinion expressed by Otanes; but Megabyzos urged that they should entrust matters to the rule of a few, saying these words: That which Otanes said in opposition to a tyranny, let it be counted as said for me also, but in that which he said urging that we should make over the power to the multitude, he has missed the best counsel: for nothing is more senseless or insolent than a worthless crowd; and for men flying from the insolence of a despot to fall into that of unrestrained popular power, is by no means to be endured: for he, if he does anything, does it knowing what he does, but the people cannot even know; for how can that know which has neither been taught anything noble by others nor perceived anything of itself, but pushes on matters with violent impulse and without understanding, like a torrent stream? Rule of the people then let them adopt who are foes to the Persians; but let us choose a company of the best men, and to them attach the chief power; for in t he number of these we shall ourselves also be, and it is likely that the resolutions taken by the best men will be the best. 82. This was the opinion expressed by Megabyzos; and thirdly Dareios proceeded to declare his opinion, saying: To me it seems that in those things which Megabyzos said with regard to the multitude he spoke rightly, but in those which he said with regard to the rule of a few, not rightly: for whereas there are three things set before us, and each is supposed to be the best in its own kind, that is to say a good popular government, and the rule of a few, and thirdly the rule of one, I say that this last is by far superior to the others; for nothing better can be found than the rule of an individual man of the best kind; seeing that using the best judgment he would be guardian of the multitude without reproach; and resolutions directed against enemies would so best be kept secret. In an oligarchy however it happens often that many, while practising virtue with regard to the commonwealth, have strong private enmities arising among themselves; for as each man desires to be himself the lea der and to prevail in counsels, they come to great enmities with one another, whence arise factions among them, and out of the factions comes murder, and from murder results the rule of one man; and thus it is shown in this instance by how much that is the best. Again, when the people rules, it is impossible that corruption should not arise, and when corruption arises in the commonwealth, there arise among the corrupt men not enmities but strong ties of friendship: for they who are acting corruptly to the injury of the commonwealth put their heads together secretly to do so. And this continues so until at last some one takes the leadership of the people and stops the course of such men. By reason of this the man of whom I speak is admired by the people, and being so admired he suddenly appears as monarch. Thus he too furnishes herein an example to prove that the rule of one is the best thing. Finally, to sum up all in a single word, whence arose the liberty which we possess, and who gave it to us? Was it a gift of the people or of an oligarchy or of a monarch? I therefore am of opinion that we, having been set free by one man, should preserve that form of rule, and in other respects also that we should not annul the customs of our fathers w hich are ordered well; for that is not the better way. Source: Herodotus Book III

Aspects of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aspects of Psychology - Essay Example Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis, which is based on physiological development, but also on demands put on the individual by parents and/or society. Ideally, the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage, in order for development to proceed correctly. The outcome of one stage is not permanent, but can be altered by later experiences. Everyone has a mixture of the traits attained at each stage, but personality development is considered successful if the individual has more of the "good" traits than the "bad" traits. A residual conflict over initiative may be expressed as hysterical denial, which may cause the repression of the wish or the abrogation of the child's ego: paralysis and inhibition, or overcompensation and showing off. The Oedipal stage results not only in oppressive establishment of a moral sense restricting the horizon of the permissible, but also sets the direction towards the possible and the tangible which permits dreams of early childhood to be attached to goals of an active adult life. Ego identity is the accrued confidence that the inner sameness and continuity prepared in the past are matched by the sameness and continuity of one's meaning for others, as evidenced in the promise of a career. In the Egocentrism in Older Adu... The child feels guilt over the goals contemplated and the acts initiated in exuberant enjoyment of new locomotors and mental powers. The castration complex occurring in this stage is due to the child's erotic fantasies. A residual conflict over initiative may be expressed as hysterical denial, which may cause the repression of the wish or the abrogation of the child's ego: paralysis and inhibition, or overcompensation and showing off. The Oedipal stage results not only in oppressive establishment of a moral sense restricting the horizon of the permissible, but also sets the direction towards the possible and the tangible which permits dreams of early childhood to be attached to goals of an active adult life. After Stage 3, one may use the whole repertoire of previous modalities, modes, and zones for industrious, identity-maintaining, intimate, legacy-producing, despair-countering purposes. Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority To bring a productive situation to completion is an aim which gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of play. The fundamentals of technology are developed To lose the hope of such "industrious" association may pull the child back to the more isolated, less conscious familial rivalry of the Oedipal time The child can become a conformist and thoughtless slave whom others exploit. Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (or "Diffusion") The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others. Ego identity is the accrued confidence that the inner sameness and continuity prepared in the past are matched by the sameness and continuity of one's meaning for others, as evidenced in the promise of a career. The inability to settle on a school or occupational identity is disturbing.

Integration of Focused Assessments and Review of Systems using QCPR Essay

Integration of Focused Assessments and Review of Systems using QCPR - Essay Example A typical QCPR system has an automatic physician order entry, interoperability service packages, barcode medication administration, date report and analysis and integrated medication management. QCPR also has the potential to transform the techniques nurses and physicians in hospitals create, disseminate, store or carry out an inventory of progress notes. This research proposal proposes Focused Assessments and Review of Systems using QCPR in Adult Emergency/ Critical Care Trauma Unit of a major Level 1 Trauma Hospital. Currently, the ED physicians and nursing staff at the hospital are using paper (written) documentation for progress notes. The research will also examine the problems associated with the paper-based progress notes, how QCPR has the potential to improve decision-making processes, as well as ensure a cost effective, time-efficient and quality health care. It will further discusses the methods of information organization in ensuring the documents are safe and accessible i n an organization, the possible methodologies Trauma Hospital can seek in designing classification in documents, the reflective effect the technology would have on the operations of a health institution. It will also examine a possible amethodology for implementation of the technology using cost benefit analysis, business analysis, the project plan, vision and scope and the specifications of the system. The research will analyze the merits and demerits of the QCVR as well as propose automation of other documentations where necessary. In addition to establishing the criteria for electronic progress notes, it will examine their implementation and implications critically. The research will in addition explore the matters such as the role of EDMS to the hospital s, the extent of attention given to them and the deliberate use of the progressive notes to the physicians and nurses. Researchers acknowledge that one of the essential needs of the hospital is the provision of consistent theore tical structure for action. The mere practicality in most hospitals is a problem that has to be dealt with instantly. Key disciplines: health records management, organizational behaviour, performance management, organizational management, management control, patient management. I. Introduction Health care services providers are shifting towards integrating fully functional electronic medical records (EMR) that guarantees improved quality care, information security and improved documentation. However, even as the concept of using EMRs started in the early 1990s, some hospitals are yet to introduce electronic documentation in a number of their information gathering processes such as creating progress reports (Faustine & Austin, 2008). The capacity of the EMR systems to change the health care delivery has been recognized over the past two decades, including its potential to improve decisionmaking processes in the health care institution. A number of benefits include accuracy in medicat ion list, instantly available charts, legible progress notes and prescriptions. However, despite advances in hospital information systems management, the concept of integrating infomration systems technologies has inconsistently been translated into practice in many hospital. II. Objectives Health care systems worldwide are currently faced with pressures to

Disifectant lab Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disifectant lab - Assignment Example It was highly effective in Gram positive S. aureus (inhibition diameter of 20mm) compared to the Gram negative bacteria (P. aureginosa and E. coli at inhibition diameters of 0 and 6 mm). Chlorox, which contains sodium hypochlorite works by unfolding and permanently aggregating vital bacterial proteins hence killing bacteria. Fabuloso is a cleaning agent without antimicrobial properties. However, it inhibited the growth of S. aureus and P. aureginosa (at inhibition diameter s of 25 mm and 36 mm respectively) by acting as a detergent and interfering with the cell membrane. 3. The disinfectants worked differently on different organisms because certain microbes such as E. coli and P. aureginosa were Gram negative while S. aureus was Gram positive. All disinfectants were effective against S. aureus because they were able to traverse the thick peptidoglycan layer of its cell wall. In addition, the disinfectants contained different active ingredients, which had different chemical properties. 4. The disinfectant of choice for use in the kitchen, laboratory or on myself would be Clorox. I would choose Clorox because it showed the largest inhibition distance in the growth of the three microbes at inhibition diameters of 55 mm 54 mm and 46 mm for E. coli, P. aureginosa and S. aureus respectively. Therefore, it would be an effective disinfectant because it would destroy an array of bacteria. In addition, it is relatively safe for human use since it contains chemicals that are used in the treatment of drinking

The Quest of the Golden Fleece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Quest of the Golden Fleece - Essay Example However, Pelias grew became fearful when the oracle told him that a stranger wearing only one sandal will be able to overthrow him as well. One day, Jason, the son of the king whom Pelias impeached did come along wearing only one sandal, and wanted to get back the throne which was rightfully his. Pelias pretends to conform but thought up of a way to get rid of Jason as well. He ordered Jason to find the Golden fleece. Despite the treacherous journey, Jason complied and after hurdling many challenges, successfully brought the golden fleece back to Greece. During the journey, Medea, King Etes’ daughter fell in love with Jason after she was struck with Cupid’s bow. Medea helps Jason and even arranged a plan to kill Pelias, thus making the oracle’s prophecy come true. Medea bore two of Jason’s sons but unfortunately, Jason fell in love with another woman. This angers Medea so much that she killed her two sons and Jason’s new wife before flying away on a magic chariot. The story of the â€Å"Quest of the Golden Fleece,† just like any Greek myth, is filled with themes of love, vengeance, and justice. In particular, the story puts great emphasis on the great evils that can come out of selfishness and jealousy. The characters in the story experienced so much pain and suffering because certain characters such as Athamas, Pelias, and Media needed to fulfill their own personal wishes. Although the actions that certain characters took went to extremes (such as murder), these scenes are not new to real life. The news is always filled with stories of how people kill each other just to claim their own goals, disregarding the conditions of their fellow humans. On a much more positive note, the story also puts attention to the great sacrifices that one can make for the people that they love. In the story, Nephele begged for Hermes to save the life of her children. Medea opted for

Information Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Policy - Essay Example Additionally, the release of sensitive information by websites has serious harm than good. Websites such as WikiLeaks expose highly sensitive information that was not availed to the public previously. The release of documents detailing killings of unreported Afghan civilians by WikiLeaks website. Equally, the release of records showing NATO’s concerns that the intelligence agency of Pakistan’s ISI is assisting Taliban in Afghanistan can lead to adverse political effects. It is clear that the majority of civilian do not pay attention to these released information; instead, terrorist groups and other governments use this information to inflict pain on civilians. Further, NSA’s bulk surveillance programs curb terrorism. Despite Section 215 of the U.S. Telephone Record’s program only disrupting one terror plot in the United States, we cannot rule its efforts since this helped prevent loss of life in some part of the world. Finally, the release of controversial documents like NSA documents by Edward Snowden usually end up being reported unresponsive ly by journalists thus threatening the security of the globe (Mueller, 2010). The benefits of free, limited internet access for people who previously had no internet connection cannot measure the availability of open, unregulated internet access for a limited few in that society. The provision of free, limited internet access to people violates their freedom by restricting the contents that they can view. The fact that the contents that these people view are restricted, overshadows the benefits associated with the free, limited internet access provided to them. Availability of open, unregulated internet access for a limited few is beneficial. These enable the few people to access freely all the information they want that they can pass to the larger society lacking internet access. Facebook’s Internet.org project may affect people’s freedom of

Circumcision in the United States Research Paper

Circumcision in the United States - Research Paper Example All the reasons summed up result to a conclusion that circumcision is a normal practice that should take root in the American culture. Circumcision in the United States Circumcision is a procedure known and practiced by millions of people across the globe. It is the removal of a penis’ foreskin in males or removing of clitoris or labia minora in females. However, this paper relates to male circumcision. In the United States majority of males are circumcised and they form about 85 percent which is a figure derived from states like California, Texas and Georgia among others. It is important to note that the rate of newborn circumcision has increased by 12.8 percent according to Schoen (2007). Many men are also being circumcised at later stages in life owing to personal, medical or religious reasons. Circumcision in actual sense has more benefits than risks and should be a normal and required practice in the United States. Reasons for circumcision As stated above men or male chil dren are circumcised based on three main reasons namely: religion or culture, medical reasons and personal reasons. Religion or culture It is the norm in many cultures for male children to be circumcised after being born. In others circumcision takes place at the onset of puberty. Jews and Muslims are the notable groups of people who uphold strict circumcision traditions based on religion and culture. Circumcision that is carried out at puberty mostly acts as a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood especially in many African cultures. Christians on the other hand are divided on whether to take circumcision as a norm or let an individual decide. Catholic Church for example presently holds a neutral ground in as far as medical reasons are concerned. Medical reasons Medical side to circumcision holds a great deal of controversy with experts staging conclusions from both ends i.e. some favoring the practice while others refuting it on medical grounds. Schoen, Wiswell and Moses (20 00) state that American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for example, claimed back in 1971 that it was hard to prove validity of circumcision of newborns. They also termed it as a non-essential for the newborns’ well-being. Contrastingly, studies by Wiswell et al. showed that newborns are 10-20 times protected from Urinary Tract Infections through circumcision. In addition, AAP in 1999 provided a list of six benefits and one risk i.e. surgical mishap which was also indicated to be rare at 0.2 percent. Some of the benefits include reduced chances of acquiring HIV, UIT, penile and cervical cancers and Chlamydia among others (Castellsague, Peeling, & Franceschi et al. 2005). In general, medical benefits of circumcision far outweigh the risks involved in both children and adults. The first major benefit is the reduced chances of contracting certain diseases and infections for example the UTI and HIV (Zorc, Levine & Platt, 2005). A circumcised man is also less likely to result to cervi cal cancer in women. It is also less likely for one to contract syphilis. It is also 3 times less likely for a circumcised man to carry human papilloma virus. It is therefore empirically true that circumcision has more benefits than it has risks and as such it should be encouraged at national level. Personal experiences (under personal reasons) I know of two boys who were circumcised at birth. My nephew was forced to undergo circumcision due to medical

Information Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Policy - Essay Example Additionally, the release of sensitive information by websites has serious harm than good. Websites such as WikiLeaks expose highly sensitive information that was not availed to the public previously. The release of documents detailing killings of unreported Afghan civilians by WikiLeaks website. Equally, the release of records showing NATO’s concerns that the intelligence agency of Pakistan’s ISI is assisting Taliban in Afghanistan can lead to adverse political effects. It is clear that the majority of civilian do not pay attention to these released information; instead, terrorist groups and other governments use this information to inflict pain on civilians. Further, NSA’s bulk surveillance programs curb terrorism. Despite Section 215 of the U.S. Telephone Record’s program only disrupting one terror plot in the United States, we cannot rule its efforts since this helped prevent loss of life in some part of the world. Finally, the release of controversial documents like NSA documents by Edward Snowden usually end up being reported unresponsive ly by journalists thus threatening the security of the globe (Mueller, 2010). The benefits of free, limited internet access for people who previously had no internet connection cannot measure the availability of open, unregulated internet access for a limited few in that society. The provision of free, limited internet access to people violates their freedom by restricting the contents that they can view. The fact that the contents that these people view are restricted, overshadows the benefits associated with the free, limited internet access provided to them. Availability of open, unregulated internet access for a limited few is beneficial. These enable the few people to access freely all the information they want that they can pass to the larger society lacking internet access. Facebook’s Internet.org project may affect people’s freedom of

The Strong Form of Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay

The Strong Form of Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example This evaluation may seem too obvious to day, but prior to the efficient market hypothesis in the 1900s, it was not so self-evident. In recent times however, the Efficient Market Hypothesis is subject to critical re-examination and trial in the paradigms of financial market research (Russel and Torbey, 2001:27). Primary evidence shows that the initial confidence of the concept of Efficient Market Hypothesis is misplaced. According to observations, Efficient Market Hypothesis based financial equilibrium models do not depict the actual trading operations in the world. Indeed, numerous inconsistent results and anomalies require refinement of the current paradigms. This paper presents a critical analysis on the validity of Efficient Market Hypothesis strong form based on existing evidence. Within the realms of finance, Efficient Market Hypothesis reiterates that there is efficient information in financial markets, that assets traded in the financial markets such as bonds, property, or sto cks, reflect all the known and relevant information. In this regard therefore, there is no bias since the information present reflects the collective beliefs of involved investors concerning future expectations and prospects. The Effective Market Hypothesis states that in a financial market with effective information, it is impossible to outperform that market using known information, with the exception of lack (Palan, 2011:24). According to the hypothesis, news or information refers to anything capable of affecting the current market prices.

Theories for Employee Motivation

Theories for Employee Motivation At the dawn of this millennium, Milner (2003) concluded that motivation continues to hold a significant position in eyes of scholars. It is a known fact that various organizations have resorted to different strategies to boost staff motivation, create a comfortable work environment and consequently, increase output. Motivation can be analyzed from various perspectives but for the purpose of this essay, it would be examined from a work related point of view. Work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individuals being, to initiate work-related behaviour and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration (Pinder, 2005). We can therefore rightfully infer that motivation is a psychological process developing from contact between an individual and his environment. To understand motivation, one must understand the aspirations of a living being. Several motivation theories have been proposed to explain these human aspirations at different times and by diverse people. Motivation theories are broadly divided into two but for this essay, two theories, one from each broad group has selected for analysis. They are; Maslows hierarchy of needs theory (content theory) and Expectancy theory (process theory) They will be reviewed, evaluated and compared, highlighting individual strengths and limitations. They also would be used to determine the extent to which they influence individual motivation of people in the work place. Furthermore information collated from completed questionnaires by employees on what motivates them will be summarized and compared with the theory propositions to ascertain practical relevance. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW An appropriate starting note would be answering the question, what is motivation? A suitable definition would be the cognitive decision-making process, through which goal-directed behaviour is initiated, energized, directed and maintained (Buchanan Huczynski 2010, p. 267). The need to study motivation, its stimulators and extinguishers remain very vital. Its importance to managers cannot be over emphasized. Understanding the concept of motivation would equip managers with the right skills to encourage subordinates, accomplish organizational goals, increase output and also improve their quality of life. Motivation is a combination of choice and intention. It has come to a conclusion that individuals dissent to their motivational state and the elements that influence it. 2.1 MOTIVATION THEORIES Motivation theories are generally categorized under two broad groups content theory and process theory. Although there is no universally accepted theory that applies to everyone, each can help in different work scenarios. An attempt has been made to explain the variability noticed in the decisions people make about what they do at work, their commitment and the strength they utilize in achieving goals using motivational theories. Content theories of motivation question the perspective that views motivation in terms of individuals goals. Examples of content theories include Herzbergs Two-factor theory and Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. While process theories view motivation in terms of the decision making process influencing an individuals choice of goals. Examples are Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory and Goal Setting Theory. Different content and process theories have been formulated having specific application to motivation with reference to work context. 2.1.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Content theory) According to R. Dailey (2008), Maslow proposed that people are motivated by the longing to gratify particular needs. He went on to arrange this needs in a given order starting with the most basic needs which he called lower level needs and rising to the higher level needs. He maintained that the lower level needs must be majorly satisfied before higher level needs and that a satisfied need seizes to be a motivator. Below are briefly described the different needs starting with the lower level needs. Physiological Needs these refer to basic needs required for survival and they include food, water, shelter, air. Some researchers have added money to this group arguing that it has the capacity to provide some of the needs. Security Needs these reefers to the general concern of an individual to feel safe, stable and the absence of pain in his environment both physically and psychologically. Social Belongingness Needs these refer to the desire for affiliation, friendship, love and being accepted by others as a result of interaction and association. Theoretically, people who reach this level have primarily satisfied physiological and safety needs and are now concerned with establishing satisfying relationships. (Hitt, Miller, and Colella, 2009). Esteem Needs these refer to perceptions of personal value as a result of admiration from fellow individuals. When employees have attained a certain level in the organizational hierarchy, they yearn for recognition, fame and power owing to previous achievements. Self-actualization Needs the need for self-actualization sits at the top of Maslows hierarchy and few people are deemed to have attained this level. They are generally driven by the desire to utilize their skill and maximize their potential. They always seek new ground breaking opportunities to bring into play their skills which greatly motivate them. Some other factors were originally included in Maslows needs but have been omitted by subsequent researchers. They are To know and to understand Aesthetics Transcendence Freedom of enquiry and expression They come in this order respectively between esteem needs and self-actualization needs. According to Maslow, the most potent way of motivating individuals is by provision of their primary needs which is the lowest unsatisfied need (Gordon, 1996). 2.2 Expectancy Theory (Process theory) People are motivated to work or involve in a process only when they are assured of or perceive personal benefit. The process through which outcomes become desirable is explained by the expectancy theory (Buchanan Huczynski, 2010). This theory thus goes along to prove that we act in manners that facilitate the accomplishment of appreciated goals. It helps in explaining employee behaviours relating to issues such as career choice, performance, joining a new organization, absenteeism, turnover and leadership effectiveness (Dailey, 2008). Expectancy theory was stated as a function of three concepts: valence, instrumentality and expectancy. Mathematically, it can be expressed as Motivation = V x I x E ( Valence x Instrumentality x Expectancy) If any of the values has zero value, then consequently, motivation is zero. Valence can be said to be personal value placed on a reward or the perceived value of an outcome. Since it is subjective, that means valence comes across to various people in different ways. Employees ascribe valences to specific outcomes and they can be either negative or positive. A negative valence can be linked to undesirable outcomes and consequently makes employee exhibit avoidance behaviours. Instrumentality is the personal belief that good performance would produce valued rewards. It can also be positive or negative. While positive instrumentality refers to the employee belief that good performance would lead to desired rewards, negative instrumentality means the opposite. Expectancy is the personal belief that effort would lead to good performance. When employees decide to dedicate time and energy to a job, they expect positive outcomes. Contrastingly, there would be no perceived effort if the employee believes that it would not bring about positive performance. It is also noteworthy that performance feedback would boost effort. Diagrammatically, expectancy theory can be summarized by the figure below. Motivational Force = Effort Performance Outcome 1 V1 Outcome 2 V2 Outcome 3 V3 E = Expectancy I = Instrumentality V = Valence 1 = Not valued at all 2 = Not strongly valued 3 = Strongly valued Fig 1.0: Expectancy Theory Model 2.3 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES The strengths and weaknesses of Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and the Expectancy theory have been summarized in the tables below. STRENGTHS MASLOWS THEORY EXPECTANCY THEORY Shows the essence of consulting with employees and giving them a sense of belonging within the company. Strong empirical support. Shows a simple, reasonable description of human behaviour. Reflects importance of consistent rewards. It still remains very influential Recognizes individual differences. Encourages employee career development. Provides explicit ways to increase employee motivation. WEAKNESSES MASLOWS THEORY EXPECTANCY THEORY Lacks empirical validity. Using the components individually cannot strongly predict motivation. Focused only on positive growth without reflecting the possibility of a relapse in individuals. Assumes behaviour is rational. Does not hold universally Predictive power low for uncertain environments. Does not take individual differences into consideration. Questionable view of humans. 3.0 DATA ANALYSIS Those selected for the survey cut across multicultural backgrounds, different kinds of jobs ranging from white collar jobs to ordinary jobs and different organizational levels managers and subordinates. The questions were carefully selected to prove or disprove the validity of the theories. (See attached questionnaire in Appendix 1). Beginning with Maslows theory, the effect of physiological needs was undoubtedly reflected in the survey. 80% strongly agreed that the absence of physiological needs would adversely affect their motivation. Another issue is the contention over social needs. While 40% strongly accept the need to be socially accepted, a close 30% argue that the need to be accepted would not have any adverse on their output not because they lack emotions but owing to the nature of their work e.g. scientific research. Some others strongly underplayed the effect of social needs claiming that they boosted their self confidence by themselves and did not need to be accepted to be motivated which contradicts Maslows theory. The result also shows a very strong point that cut across the entire respondents which is the effect of pay. The survey results are summarized in the figure below. Fig 3.0 MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY ANALYSIS For the expectancy theory, the components instrumentality, valence and expectancy were generally accepted though the percentage for those that strongly agreed was not overwhelming. 30% strongly agreed to the influence of instrumentality, 30% for valence and 40% for expectancy. Worthy of note is the feedback factor whose importance is overwhelmingly obvious from the figure below (80%). But most interestingly is the fact that even though 80% strongly subscribed to motivation from a good pay check, a stunning 60% agreed that they would accept a more interesting job for a pay cut (question 1). A general summary of the survey relating to the expectancy theory is shown in the figure below. Fig 3.1 EXPECTANCY THEORY RESULT ANALYSIS 3.1 EVALUATION OF THEORIES The answers to the questionnaire would seem to indicate that workers were not remarkably convinced that good performance would lead to valuable rewards which raise a strong concern about the motivation of workers in todays organizations. The argument is that if the employees do not see a clear pathway from excellent performance to valued rewards, motivation would be on the decline with the effects clearly obvious. Moreover, 60% of the respondents opted for a more interesting work with less pay. This shows a path to self-actualization and that more value placed on it. When the job is more interesting, that provides the employee with an atmosphere to exploit his potentials hoping for a valued reward. This further explains the concept of instrumentality because respondents placed more value on job satisfaction. The last two questions were intended to get firsthand the kind of rewards that truly appeal to individuals and to give them an opportunity to say what really motivates them. 70% of the respondents had financial rewards as their first choice and it was followed by recognition with a close score of 60%. This reflects Maslows social and belongings need and also his esteem needs on one hand and the valence component of the expectancy theory. This shows a relationship in both theories when compared. Also very prominent was the feedback factor equally portrayed by the two theories. Equally significant was the choice of promotion and self-actualization as valuable rewards. Promotion as an example of instrumentality can also boost esteem needs. The survey results highlighted show very close similarities between Maslows hierarchy of needs and the Expectancy theory. Even though they were proposed by various people and ages ago, they have stood the test of time and are still very valuable today. The results also prove that motivation is dependent on the individual and the environment. 3.2 PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Most work places meet the first two basic needs going by Maslows hierarchy needs theory. Employers meet physiological needs by paying wages and salaries which can provide food and shelter. In most countries, they are also obligated by law to meet the next level of needs by providing safe and secure work places. To meet the next level of needs, managers need to encourage team work. The work environment is a social place and at that team spirit should be developed. Managers should go a long way to foster socialization and a sense of belonging through effective internal communication, social gatherings, etc. If this is done, a better working environment would be created, social needs provided and motivation heading north. An appropriate reward system is very essential and would go a long way to meet esteem needs. Clear links should be made between efforts and goals and an appraisal system which recognizes achievement using valued rewards like pay rises, executive official cars and promotions should be put in place. These things also attach a status symbol to their office which promotes esteem. Evidently, the esteem of people in diverse jobs is boosted in different ways. If managers possess the ability to assess and channel instrumentality rightly, motivation would be surely achieved. All management policies that crack, resist, alter or bend instrumentalities should be looked into to avoid lowering employee effort and performance. Self-actualization, sitting on the top of Maslows hierarchy can be likened to valued reward instrumentality in the expectancy theory and this would not immediately come to everybody as achievable through work but it actually is. Managers should ensure quality training and support so as to achieve clear performance goals and provide an avenue to inspire innovation. When employees are faced with challenging goals and can see a clear path to positive instrumentality through expectancy then this objective is feasible and personal growth achieved. On the contrary, self-actualization has been found to play a marginal role in some cultures. Japanese cultures offer jobs for life which seem to meet only physiological needs and promotions based on seniority which diminishes the longing for self-actualization in the work place. Also in some highly collectivist cultures, attempts to be personally innovative may be deemed as aberrant (Hofstede, 1991). 4.0 CONCLUSION The present study attempts to crystallize certain factors which influence motivation by analyzing the relationship between employees, employers and the work environment. Both Maslows theory and Expectancy theory can explain motivation only to a certain magnitude from various view points. Maslows theory proposes that individuals are motivated based on drives and needs while expectancy theory postulates that choices are made based on how we make choices with respect to goals. The response from the questionnaires corroborated aspects of both theories but highlighted the great importance of pay and feedback in influencing motivation. It is recommended that managers and employers pay great attention to these factors amongst the rest. As hinted previously, no theory can conclusively explain the concept of motivation. The relevance of these theories cannot be over emphasized or neglected. They have had a substantial impact on managers directly and employers as a whole in helping to find out how and what to do to boost employee motivation. In addition, they have generated further interests in the area of specialization. The most significant limitation to this survey was the restriction to the number of people surveyed and the difficulty in convincing unskilled workers to partake in the survey.

How the Authors of The Signalman and The Red Room Use First-Person Narrative :: Charles Dickens H.G. Wells Narratives Essays

How the Authors of The Signalman and The Red Room Use First-Person Narrative In this essay two novels will be compared. The first written by Charles Dickens entitled, `The Signalman` and the second is H G Wells’ `The Red Room`. I seek to find out how first person narration is used to manipulate the thoughts and feelings of the readers and how the two are similar. The two poems are both similar in that they are both pre 1914 prose about ghosts and are based on the supernatural, the two tales also create suspense and tension in the atmosphere surrounding the characters. The stories are written in first person native for example, the authors of `The Red Room` and `The Signalman` both tell the story using speech as the main technique telling the story through the narrator, â€Å"Is there any path by which I can come down and speak to you?† this makes the reader feel closer to the character due to his personal experience. The Signalman ============= At the start of `The Signalman` the atmosphere is bizarre. The story begins in a deep, damp cutting adjacent to a tunnel with a railway running through it, which is described as `barbarous`, `depressing` and with `forbidding air`. The scene is set at twilight therefore because of the darkness the two men don’t get to see each other properly and this enhances the mysterious element of the story. At the point in which he’s just about to go down `the cutting`, a vibration shakes the ground, Dickens writes, `vague vibration in the earth and air`, which describes the movement, he also uses a lot effective adjectives like, `violent` and `pulsation`, which conveys fears and adds to the tension which is building up, but this time it was just a train passing and the tension is lost. Dickens describes the cutting as being, â€Å"Extremely deep and unusually precipitous† and â€Å"Solitary and dismal†, he uses the detailed description to give the setting an eerie edge. The story only takes place within the cutting. The two men meet at the cutting at night, â€Å"I will come at eleven†, Dickens says, this sustains the tension due to the darkness and our own knowledge that the supernatural experiences always occur at night. The narrator feels very sympathetic towards The Signalman, as he keeps revisiting him to find out more about his life and his experiences, â€Å"But I expressly intend to make you another visit†, the narrator also talks about an â€Å"infection in the mind† and â€Å"deception of his sense of sight† and recommends `The Signalman` to see a doctor, when he sees the ghost, which reveals his level of concern for his new

Greek Theater Essay -- essays research papers

Ancient Greek Theater is the first historical record of â€Å"drama,† which is the Greek term meaning â€Å"to do† or â€Å"to act.† Beginning in the 5th century BC, Greek Theater developed into an art that is still used today. During the golden age of the Athenians plays were created, plays that are considered among the greatest works of world drama. Today there are thousands of well-known plays and films based on the re-make of ancient drama.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theater originated from the religious rites of ancient Greek tribes. Located in northern Greece, a cult was formed to worship the God of wine and fertility, Dionysus. The cult held religious celebrations which included large consumptions of alcohol, animal sacrifices, and sometimes massive orgies. Theater was thought as a ritual to release powerful emotions and create pure ecstasy. The cult spread south into Greece and by 500 BC annual festivals in honor of Dionysus were held every spring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A main part of Dionysus’ rites was the dithyramb. It means a â€Å"choric hymn† and it was completely religious describing Dionysus’ adventures. The performance would have a group of dancers, a chorus in costumes, an orchestra of drums, lyres, and flutes, and a leader/director. It all took place around an altar for Dionysus. Soon after the dithyramb became popular at Athenian festivals where poets would compete to create their own unique dithyramb. Soon the dithyramb ceased to be about Dionysus and his adventures. Famous poets chose subjects from several different periods of Greek mythology. Over time, the dithyrambs formed into stories to be performed thus creating drama.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the golden age of Greece, city-states were developed, the most prominent being Athens with a population of at least 150,000. Here is where the rites of Dionysus created what we now call theater. We have the leader, the chorus, the dancers, and the orchestra. So where did actors come from? Around 525 BC a man from Attica named Thespis, added an actor into the dithyramb to interact with the chorus. The actor was called the protagonist and means â€Å"the main character of a drama.† This addition turned the chorus into theater. Thespis went down in history and is where â€Å"thespians† got there name.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  About 534 BC was when the Dionysian Festivals were changed to add dram... ...d of heroic epics involving Gods and legends. He died in 406 BC all alone, extremely cynical of human nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Athenians not only produced tragedies in their culture, but created many lasting comedies. These comedies helped set the way for Romans and Elizabethans coming in later periods. Developed similar to tragedy, comedy was aimed at the common people and had less to do with religious beliefs. Satire was often used in comedies, especially ones written by Aristophanes and Menander. Characters in these plays ranged from celebrities to drunken audience members. Menander’s plays were the main basis of comedy that moved onto the Romans and Shakespeare and the Broadway.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the 200 years from Thespis’ first accomplishments to the death of Sophocles, Greek Theater thrived. However, all good things eventually come to an end. The golden age was ending as Athenian culture was overrun in 404 BC by the Spartans. Theater of course evolved over time and is now a school subject, hobby and profession. Today it wouldn’t hurt to look back over some historically recorded plays and appreciate what the ancient Greeks created for us†¦ drama.

Dependency Theory Essay

Modernization theory is a theory used to explain the process of Modernization within societies. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that with assistance â€Å"traditional countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have. This theory of modernization however failed because it can be argued that it was too Eurocentric in its methodologies. That is to say its centered focus was on Europe or European peoples. The theory never considered the Caribbean region or other third world when explaining its concepts. This resulted in a paradigm shift from Modernization to Dependency. The Dependency theory was established to provide the scholarly community with a different way of understanding the circumstances of the non-industrial countries of the world. According to Osvaldo Sunkel, dependency theory can be sociologically defined as an explanation of the economic development of a state in terms of the external influences, political, economic and cultural on national development policies. Therefore this essay would take seek to explain the advantages and limitations of the central new insight that is provided about development by the Dependency theory. One advantage of the Dependency theory is that the theory arose around 1960 as a reaction to some earlier theories of development which held that all societies progress through similar stages of development, that today’s underdeveloped areas are thus in a similar situation to that of today’s developed areas at some time in the past, and that therefore the task in helping the underdeveloped areas out of poverty is to accelerate them along this supposed common path of development, by various means such as investment, technology transfers, and closer integration into the world market. Dependency theory rejected this view, arguing that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries, but have unique features and structures of their own; and, importantly, are in the situation of being the weaker members in a world market economy, whereas the developed nations were never in an analogous position; they never had to exist in relation to a bloc of more powerful countries than themselves. Dependency theorists argued, in opposition to free market economists, that underdeveloped countries needed to reduce their connectedness with the world market so that they can pursue a path more in keeping with their own needs, less dictated by external pressures. Prebisch, an Argentine economist at the United Nations Commission for Latin America (UNCLA), went on to conclude that the underdeveloped nations must employ some degree of protectionism in trade if they were to enter a self-sustaining development path. Another advantage the Dependency theory provided about development is that it explains the reasons why the lesser developed countries are the way they are. The lack of development within the third world rest within the first world. Advocates of the Dependency theory agree that only substantial reform of the world capitalist system and a distribution of assets will free third world countries from poverty cycles and enable development to occur. Measures that the third countries could take would include the elimination of world debt and the introduction of global taxes such as the Tobin Tax. This tax on foreign exchange transactions, named after its proponent, the American Economist, James Tobin, would generate large revenues that could be used to pay off debt or fund development projects. Also these third world countries could try to eliminate themselves from world debt by trying to stop depending on the financial institutions for loans. These third world countries believe that they are benefiting the country by taking loans from these institutions to support themselves economically. However, what these third world countries don’t realise is that these institutions are developed to make them take loans and go into more debt where they would have no other alternative but to depend on the first world for assistance, thus, leading to dependency and by extension further underdevelopment. For instance, Dominant first world countries have such a technological and industrial advantage that they can ensure the global economic system works in their own self-interest. Organisations such as the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO have agendas that benefit the firms, and consumers of primarily the first world. Freeing up world trade, one of the main aims of the WTO, benefits the wealthy nations that are most involved in world trade. Creating a level playing field for all countries assumes that all countries have the necessary equipment to be able to play. For the world’s poor this is often not the case. The third-world debt crisis of the 1980s and continued stagnation in Africa and Latin America in the 1990s caused some doubt as to the feasibility or desirability of â€Å"dependent development†. Vernengo (2004) has suggested that the sine qua non of the dependency relationship is not the difference in technological sophistication, as traditional dependency theorists believe, but rather the difference in financial strength between core and peripheral countries – particularly the inability of peripheral countries to borrow in their own currency. He believes that the hegemonic position of the United States is very strong because of the importance of its financial markets and because it controls the international reserve currency – the US dollar. He believes that the end of the Bretton Woods international financial agreements in the early 1970s considerably strengthened the United States’ position because it removed some constraints on their financial actions. Although there are various advantages of the new central insight that is provided for the explanation of development, there are also some limitations. One of these limitations is that, the Dependency theory is a way of explaining economic underdevelopment outside of such industrially advanced parts of the world as North America and Europe. According to dependency theory, the politico-economic advantages of more technologically advanced countries are based on the disadvantages to countries that are and remain less developed. Critics of the theory claim that such an outlook is fatalistic, historically inaccurate, and simplistic. For example, parts of Africa, Asia, and South America are considered disadvantaged and underdeveloped. Yet all three areas previously were the locations of ancient civilizations of great cultural, economic, philosophical, political and social achievements. Dependency theory doesn’t come up with convincing arguments to account for how these areas fell by the wayside, and why areas in Europe and North America took the lead. The Dependency theory explains how the countries are the way they are but they did not explain why and how they got that way. The theory just labelled these three countries as less developed because of their relationship with the more developed countries, it did not explain why is it that Europe and North America was able to develop and why is it Africa, Asia and South America wasn’t able to develop and how they lost their cultural, economic, philosophical, political and social achievements while North America was able to keep theirs and be considered first world countries. Another disadvantage of the Dependency theory is that doesn’t have all of its convincing points in order to relate to the theory’s implied invulnerability of development and simultaneous vulnerability of underdevelopment. In other words, it emphasizes the importance of external forces on underdeveloped countries and minimizes the role of internal motivations within those very same countries. In most instances it is because of these third world countries internal forces they are underdeveloped. The reason for this because of the country’s small size it causes them to be vulnerable towards the first world dependence. Along with this, it can also be seen that most third world countries contain a high level of corruption which causes them to be in the situation that they are presently in. Advanced democracies like the UK, USA, Canada and Australia have virile electorates, media and criminal justice systems to combat corruption. But Third World political and civil institutions are weaker, and in effect license corruption with impunity, thus allowing corruption within these countries to become effortlessly available. Along with this the Dependency theory likewise locks countries into a hierarchy of world leaders in which once an underdeveloped country, always an underdeveloped country. And the previous faults quickly become glaring when the dependency theorist tries to account for politico-economic changes within the Russian Federation, certain Middle Eastern countries, India, and China, to name a few. In the final analysis, it can be seen that there was a paradigm shift from the Modernisation theory to the Dependency theory in explaining development. The Development theory provided the scholarly community with a different way of understanding the circumstances of the non-industrial countries of the world. Dependency Theory is in large part a theory of development in the third world, it seek to provide explanations for third world development and explanations that the Modernisation theory failed to give. Like any other theory, the Dependency theory has its advantages and limitations. One of its strengths is its recognition that from the beginning, capitalism developed as a multinational system. Dependency Theory therefore spends its time on the question, â€Å"how can we have a development in the periphery that more resembles that at the core?† Or a more charitable account, if the core-periphery link is broken, can we have development in the periphery that has some or all of the elements that we identified as desirable in the core? BIBLIOGRAPHY Amin, S. â€Å"Accumulation and Development: a Theoretical Model† Review of African Political Economy HC501 R46. Gunder Frank, A. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. HC165 F828 C1 1969. The Latin American Periphery in the Global System of Capitalism†, 1981, UNCLA Review Prebisch, R. Change and Development. 1976 t. HC125 P922 C4. R. H. Chilcote Development Theory and Practice: Latin American Perspectives, Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003 Sunkel O. (1966), ‘The Structural Background of Development Problems in Latin America’ Weltwirtschaftliches. Vernengo M. â€Å"Technology, Finance and Dependency: Latin American Radical Political Economy in Retrospect†, Working Paper No: 2004-06, University of Utah Dept. of Economics, 2004, p 5; retrieved July 2009.