Building And Maintain A Cyber Operations Force - 1394 Words

Strategic Goals Build and maintain a cyber operations force: The Department of Defense requires personnel to be trained to the highest standards and have the highest quality technology available to them in order to operate effectively. To this end the Department of Defense initiated the Cyber Mission Force in 2013 (â€Å"Department of Defense Cyber Strategy,† 2015). The Cyber Mission Force is 133 cyber teams: 68 Cyber Protection teams focused on defending the network, 13 National Mission teams to defend critical national infrastructure, 27 Combat Mission teams assisting combat commanders in planning and strategy, 25 Support Teams to support the National Mission and Combat Mission teams. Of the 40 completed teams, 80 percent are members of the military, the remaining 20 being civilian, and the teams average age is 24 (Pomerleau, 2016). With the current push to expand cyber security in the private sector, there is major concern with the Cyber Mission Force being able to complete and retain its staffing with all the range of skills required while the private sector offers more competitive wages (Schmidt, 2015). Prepare and Defend DoD info network, data, mitigate damage As it is not possible to defend against everything everywhere, the Department of Defense must identify, prioritize, and defend its most important networks, including in a degraded or disrupted environment in the event of a successful attack (â€Å"Department of Defense Cyber Strategy,† 2015). One of the steps expected isShow MoreRelatedStrategic Direction On The United States1647 Words   |  7 Pagesrebalance the Joint Force in 2025 unless sequestration is reversed. The current U.S. strategic direction has prompted a shift of military resources to the Asia-Pacific. 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Analysis Of John Montresor s The Cask Of Amontillado

Montresor is the narrator of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† who is very educated and a man of stature. The entirety of the story Montresor conveyed his emotions through articulate words which exaggerated his desire to be respected. Montresor expressed how Fortunato injured him thousands of times until eventually Montresor had enough and vowed revenge. From this part of the story Montresor is angry and feeling belittled by Fortunato. Analyzing the feeling that Montresor was injured by Fortunato was really jealousy toward him. Fortunato was rich and powerful and Montresor was a joker. Fortunato must have insulted him one day and Montresor took it upon himself to never be disrespected again. Montresor is the wrong person to say anything offensive†¦show more content†¦Once Montresor states that he will go ask a man Luchresi if he can tell him if his wine is real or not Fortunato is taken aback that Montresor would not just ask him. Montresor knows Fortunato would jump at the opportunity to go to his vaults just to try his wine to prove he knows the difference between Amontillado and Sherry. The entire conversation Montresor continues to lie that he in fact just bought Amontillado and he would rather have Luchresi distinguish it for him because he does not want to interrupt any plans Fortunato had. Montresor declining Fortunato’s request amplifies Fortunato’s desire to go down into the vaults because of his pride being his weakness. Montresor knows that Fortunato is a prideful and he will exploit that weakness to lure him into the catacombs. Now Montresor is feeling as though he has the upper hand now because Fortunato is falling directly into his trap. Montresor finally gives in and allows Fortunato to come down with him to the catacombs, where his vengeance can finally take place. An already intoxicated Fortunato is offered more and more alcohol from Montresor as they get deeper into the catacombs. Montresor wants Fortunato not to be aware in the process of luring him to his death. Montresor tells his family motto to Fortunato which is â€Å"Nemo me impune lacessit. Which means â€Å"no one attacks me with impunity.† Montresor’s family motto means no person can attack or â€Å"insult† as Montresor took it, without punishment.Show MoreRelatedThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1575 Words   |  7 PagesIs there anything that someone could do to you that would cause you to commit murder? Could you get away with it? Montresor is the murderous narrator who has committed the perfect murder in just such a tale, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† Montresor plots and kills an unwary friend/foe during carnival time for motives that are unclear. The author of this tale, Edgar Allan Poe, influenced by his somewhat tragic life and one of t he most influential Gothic writers, uses symbolism and irony to show the multitudeRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Montresor887 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Character Analysis of Montresor If written with skill, â€Å"Villains† can be some of the most interesting characters in literature. The character of Montresor from Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"A Cask of Amontillado†. Poe, being the horror writer that he was, portrays this dark character in exactly that way. The story begins with Montresor explaining to the reader as a narrator that a man named Fortunato has insulted and hurt him for a great deal of time. Montresor never explains what exactly Fortunato did toRead MoreInfluence Of A Life By Richard Connell And Edgar Allan Poe1600 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence as a theme. He relates the violence from the war to redirect into his stories. Although, these different themes he writes will allow him to create an urge of passion, and confidence with the characters, and the piece. â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† Analysis Richard Connell has written many stories with many of his techniques, but of the most memorable story is â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†. This story shows the main character Sanger Rainsford, in certain positions on the island and in the game that add

King of the Fauves free essay sample

While recovering from appendicitis that year, Matisse received a box of paints from his mother and and then decided to go to Paris, France, to become a painter: He worked under Adolphe William Bouguereau (1825–1905) at the Academie Julian in Paris, but he left in 1892 to enter the studio of Gustave Moreau (1826–1898) at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where he studied until 1897. In the studio, Henri met many painters who would soon attain prominence with him in the fauvist movement. Moreau was a liberal teacher who did not interfere with the individuality of his pupils (Biography of Henri Matisse). He encouraged his students to look at nature and to paint outdoors, as well as to frequently visit the museums. Matisse copied paintings in the Louvre and painted outdoors in Paris. Henri did not like the way they taught art in the school. He had a style of his own and liked to paint with bright and dark colors. We will write a custom essay sample on King of the Fauves or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So he went to places that were bright and sunny. On one of his trips, he met the Impressionist artist named John Russell. He liked the way Russell used bright colors. He also liked other Impressionist painters like Claude Monet and Camellia Pissarro. Soon he began to add more colors in his own paintings.

The Theory of Wage Determination-Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp

Question: You are hired by the Fair Work Commission Australia as a consultant to examine Issues relating to pay and Performance. Your task is to provide a report detailing findings from the economic literature on the effectiveness of pay for performance, and how performance should be evaluated based on Incentive pay. Answer: Introduction Employment is one of the most crucial issues of concern in every economy in the world. Employment structures prevailing in the economy contributes significantly in determining the standard of living, over all well being of the resident of the country and the overall economic growth of the same. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study about the key factors, which influence the employment sector of any economy, both, private as well as public (Meer West, 2015). One of such primary factors is the wage structure which prevails in the firms of an economy at a particular period of time as a significant share of the behavior of the workers and their willingness to work depend on the wage which they are getting which in turn also determine their overall economic well being and lifestyle. The wage structure prevailing in a firm also determines the productivity, prospects and the long run profitability of the firm as much of the prospects of a firm is related to the employees working in the firm and how loyal and willing to work they are. In this report, the aspect of wage structure will be taken into account, emphasizing on the issues related to pay for performance model (Fang Gerhart, 2012). The report aims to study the literatures present regarding this issue and its effectiveness, keeping into account the economic concept of Efficiency Wages and its implications on the performance of the workers. It also tries to analyze the basis of evaluation of the performance of the workers based on the incentives in payment, which they get in their jobs. There have been extensive assertions regarding the benefit of an equitable wage structure in the economy as the proponents of this theory suggests that equity in wage distribution ensures greater welfare of the people in the workforce in general. However, there are opinions against this theory as many of the contemporary economists and business planners propose a model of pay for performance. According to this model, a part of the incentives or wage structure of the employees should be determined by the level of productivity and performance of the employees. This, as asserted by them, gives the able employees to work more and increases their willingness to be productive and competitive in a fair way, which in turn may lead to an increased efficiency in the productive activities of the firms. This scope, however, is absent in the equitable wage theory (Dunlop Segrave, 2016). This theory of pay for performance is related to the economic concept of efficiency wage, which suggests that it may be beneficial for the firms to pay a higher wage to their workers. According to this theory, that can increase their loyalty, devotion and willingness to produce and therefore can increase the efficiency of the workers and the firms as a whole in the long run. However, there are debates regarding whether efficiency wage theory or the notion of pay for performance are actually profitable for the firms and if so till what extent the wages should be increased such that it increases the productivity of the workers without having any negative implications on the firms profit and prospects. The economic concept of the backward bending labor supply curve is similar to this notion (Thuy Flaaten, 2013). This theory suggests that there is a tradeoff between the labor hours and the time for leisure for the workers and if wages are increased above a certain level the willingness of the workers to work more actually reduces as the workers tend to substitute labor hours with more leisure. There are extensive literary works related to the different theories, propositions and counter propositions prevailing regarding the wage structure and the viability of the efficiency wage theories and pay for performance concept, which are discussed in the following section. Findings from the literatures Wage structure and differences in the same across geographical locations and with time have been issues of key concern as they have direct implications on the economic well being of people and a region as a whole. Over the years, with changes in the dynamics of the employment structure in the global framework, the wage structures of the firms have also undergone significant modifications to adapt with changing time. Several wage theories and models exist in the economy, which tries to propose different wage structures and also tries to explain their viability in the contemporary global employment scenario. Equitable wage distribution Lavoie Stockhammer, (2013), have put the advantages of an equitable distribution of wages forward. They assert that much of the existing inequalities and poverty related issues in the contemporary world can be attributed to the consistently increasing gaps in the wage structure of the labor force. The differences are mainly occurring due to dissimilarities in the nature of the jobs they are doing, the firms in which they are employed and the economic structure and overall societal and developmental patterns of the countries in which they are working (Leigh Blakely, 2016). According to the authors, the inequalities can be reduced by designing a more equitable wage distribution on part of the firms in the global economy. However, their propositions have been criticized on the ground of efficiency and overall productivity of the firms. Inequalities in wage distribution Mueller, Ouimet Simintzi, (2015) in their works, have tried to focus on the different wage theories, which exist in the contemporary economy. They try to counter the theory of equitable wage distribution. According to the authors, though the theory, discussed prior, apparently seems to be appealing in terms of overall societal welfare, in the real global employment scenario, there exits inequality in the distribution of wages and in many cases, there are logical and rightful reasons for the existence of such inequality in the wages of the workers. As per the arguments put forward by the authors, often there are inequality in the wage structure of the firms, which may be actually beneficial for the firms as well as the objectives of the workers, depending upon the structure of wage differences and the purpose for which they exist (Stewart, 2012). The authors also point out there several trends of inequality, which are very common in the international employment scenario. Wages for the routine jobs, which are more mechanical in nature, are comparatively less than the wages of those jobs in which there are more challenges and requirement for skills. The entry level wages offered by the large and more prospective firms, as argued by the authors, are generally less than the same offered in the start ups. Often this is done because the larger firms in exchange offer better career prospects for the workers and the employees often take the low paid jobs for getting this opportunity and in such cases, the inequalities do not hurt the workers. Pay for performance model One of the major arguments in favor of ethical inequality in wages is the pay for performance model (Frey, Homberg Osterloh, 2013). This wage structure, by providing opportunities to earn more by working more, gives incentives to the workers to increase their productivity, skills and willingness to work more, which in turn increases the overall productivity of the firms in the long run. There are many literatures supporting the pay for performance model as according to these literatures, this actually motivates the workers to excel in their works and the inequality, which is created by this structure, is because of the differences in the individual abilities of the workers and their willingness to trade off leisure for earning more by working more. This model is to a considerable extent similar to the economic concept of the efficiency wage theory, which is discussed, in the following sector, taking reference of the eminent literary works present in the contemporary economic scenari o. Efficiency wage theory As suggested by DiGabriele Ojo, (2017), the efficiency wage mechanism includes the practice of keeping the wage above the equilibrium market level, which in turn results in greater efficiency, even in the presence of surplus labor in the concerned country. The authors suggest that that along with labor union and minimum wage criterion, the presence of efficiency wage model also contributes to the unemployment in the country because all the three advocates for keeping the wages of the workers above the equilibrium level. However, the efficiency wage theory differs from the other two notions in the way that the latter two requires restrictions to be imposed on the firms whereas in the former does not require any restrictions and the firms do this to increase their own profitability. There are several arguments in favor of the efficiency wage theory, which shows the positive implications of higher wages on the improvement of the efficiency of the workers: Turnover of the workers One of the primary costs incurred by the firms, which also negatively contribute to the growth aspects of the firms as well as to the economic well being of the workers is the issue of turnover of the workers from the firms. As put forward by Weiss, (2014), there are direct relations between the turnover of the labor and the wages received by the labors. The turnovers are generally higher in those firms or industries in which there are not sufficient incentives, financial and others, for the workers in their existing jobs. The workers in general always have a cost benefit approach in deciding to stay in a job or leave. If there are sufficient incentives for good performance in any industry, then the turnovers are usually less, as the workers feel more loyal and motivated to do better, which in turn increases their monetary benefits and the long run prospects of the firms (Keeley, 2013). Health of the workers Some theories directly relate the wages received by the labors with their health conditions. Higher wages result in a more healthy diet for the workers, which in turn increases their health and productivity conditions and thus it may be preferable for the firms because a healthy, productive and loyal workforce increases the overall productivity and efficiency of the firms in the long run (Moore Viscusi, 2014). However, the author also points out the limitations of this proposition as diet and health are not that much related with the wage rates in the highly developed countries because the minimum wage levels in these countries usually are inclusive of all these facilities. Shirking of the workers Kwon, (2014), in his works, tries to relate the connectivity of the efforts given by the workers with the wages and incentives received by them. According to the author, in places where the nature of the jobs allows the workers to decide how much effort they want to give, presence of proper performance based incentives are necessary as in the absence of the same, the workers would lose the incentive to work hard. However, with higher wages and performance-based incentives, the workers feel motivated and the problem of shirking is to some extent solved. Motivation theory of effort of the labor Fabris (2013), shows the relation between the effort given by the workers and the wage they receive in a mathematical form. According to the author, the effort of the workers mainly depends on two factors, the relative wage the workers receive in the firm and the overall level of unemployment prevailing in the economy. The relation can be mathematically shown as follows: Ei = f(Wi/We, U), where, Wi is the wage the worker receive in the firm in which he is working, U is the level of unemployment prevailing in the economy Therefore, Wi/We shows the relative wage prevailing in the firm and if it increases then the effort given by the workers also increases, as per the propositions of this theory. From the above-discussed perspectives regarding the positive aspects of the existence of the efficiency wage proposition, it is evident that there are substantial support in favor of the efficiency wage theory and many of these points towards the efficiency and productivity aspects of the firms in the long run. However, there have been substantial debates regarding the applicability of this model, as there are several arguments against the model. Backward bending supply curve of labor The relation between the supply of labor and the wage rates existing is shown with the help of the labor supply curve. In an ideal world, labor is supposed to increase continually with the increase in the wage of the labor. However, as asserted by Wachtel (2013), in real case scenarios, the labor supply curve is not only dependant on the wage rate existing in the economy but also on the tradeoff between labor and leisure of the workers and their individual preferences. The author asserts that if the wages go on increasing continuously, then initially with the increase in the wage the workers will feel motivated to increase their working hours and work more, which may benefit the firms. However, after reaching a point, if the wages still go on rising, then the workers will tend to increase their leisure and for that they may also be ready to sacrifice a few labor hours as they are already earning higher wages. Figure 1: Backward bending supply curve of labor (Source: Mankiw, 2014) As can be seen from the above diagram, after reaching a certain wage level, the substitution effect of the increase in the wage of the labor becomes greater than the income effect of the same and therefore, the labors tend to substitute their labor hours with leisure hours. This theory therefore, challenges the pay for performance and the efficiency wage theories to some extent as according to this theory continuous increase in the wage rate may actually lead to a fall in the level of willingness to work on part of the workers. Empirical evidences In the above sections, two contradicting theories of the efficiency wages and the backward bending supply curve of labor are discussed in details. These two theories, however, need empirical evidences to support their viability and applicability in the real labor scenario in the international framework. The primary questions, which arise in this aspect, are firstly whether a positive link is associated between the unemployment and wage rate and secondly whether efficiency wage increases the labor productivity and the output of the firms. However, when it comes to Australia, McLachlan (2013), suggests that the hypothesis of efficiency wage does not have robust evidences in the country and the relation between unemployment and wage is also not proved as per the evidences that can be seen from the finding of the paper. The author links this weakness with the fluctuations in the business cycle in the industry. There are studies regarding the relationship between wage and motivation in the public sector of different countries. Taylor Taylor (2012), in their analysis took 15 countries in consideration and their studies show that there is lack of motivation in the public sector than in the private sector, even by monetary rewards. The study also shows that where the elasticity of effort with respect to wage is 0.21, the elasticity of motivation with respect to effort in the public sector is 0.61. However, the findings of Kumar, Webber and Perry (2012), finds that with one percent increase in wage is Australian manufacturing sector, the productivity increases from 0.5 percent to 0.8 percent. Conclusion As can be seen from the above discussion, there are several theories, which assert the importance of higher wage or efficiency wage in increasing the efforts and willingness of the workers and thereby increasing the productivity of the firms. From the empirical evidences its seen that there is a significant positive relationship between the higher wage and more productivity in the manufacturing sector of Australia. As per the literature, it can be concluded that efficiency wage is a viable tool to increase productivity, though in some cases, like that in the public sector, motivation works more effectively that increase in the wages to increase the productivity in Australia. References DiGabriele, J., Ojo, M. (2017). The efficiency wage hypothesis and the role of corporate governance in firm performance. Dunlop, J., Segrave, M. (2016).The theory of wage determination. Springer. Fabris, N. (2013). Efficiency-wage model.Sociologija,55(3), 461-474. Fang, M., Gerhart, B. (2012). Does pay for performance diminish intrinsic interest?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(6), 1176-1196. Frey, B. S., Homberg, F., Osterloh, M. (2013). Organizational control systems and pay-for-performance in the public service.Organization Studies,34(7), 949-972. Keeley, M. C. (2013).Labor supply and public policy: A critical review. Elsevier. Kumar, S., Webber, D. J., Perry, G. (2012). Real wages, inflation and labour productivity in Australia.Applied Economics,44(23), 2945-2954. Kwon, H. S. (2014). Economic theories of low-wage work.Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment,24(1), 61-70. Lavoie, M., Stockhammer, E. (2013). Wage-led growth: Concept, theories and policies. InWage-led Growth(pp. 13-39). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Leigh, N. G., Blakely, E. J. (2016).Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Mankiw, N. G. (2014).Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. McLachlan, R. (2013). Deep and Persistent Disadvantage in Australia-Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper. Meer, J., West, J. (2015). Effects of the minimum wage on employment dynamics.Journal of Human Resources. Moore, M. J., Viscusi, W. K. (2014).Compensation mechanisms for job risks: wages, Workers' Compensation, and product liability. Princeton University Press. Mueller, H. M., Ouimet, P. P., Simintzi, E. (2015).Wage inequality and firm growth(No. w20876). National Bureau of Economic Research. Stewart, M. B. (2012). Wage inequality, minimum wage effects, and spillovers.Oxford Economic Papers,64(4), 616-634. Taylor, J., Taylor, R. (2011). Working hard for more money or working hard to make a difference? Efficiency wages, public service motivation, and effort.Review of Public Personnel Administration,31(1), 67-86. Thuy, P. T. T., Flaaten, O. (2013). The backward-bending supply curve in fisheries-revisited.Journal of Sustainable Development,6(6), 15. Wachtel, H. M. (2013).Labor and the Economy. Elsevier. Weiss, A. (2014).Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press.

Should Performance Enhancing Drugs Be Accepted in Sports?

Should Performance Enhancing Drugs Be Accepted in Sports?Should performance enhancing drugs such as steroids be accepted in sports? Should professional sportsmen use such substances for enhancing their athletic abilities?Many people believe that the answer to this question is no. Many feel that professional sportsmen are not really professional because they do not put the same kind of effort in their professional sports as they do in their regular play. They are more interested in money than in winning the game.If you are a sporting body, which includes players, coaches and officials, the answer to this question may vary from sport to sport. But generally, professional sportsmen have to compete for the highest possible rank within the sporting fraternity. The match and victory condition of any sporting activity demands maximum commitment and stamina. In order to achieve this, performance enhancing drugs, or even natural supplements can be effective tools.There are many issues surroun ding such supplements and drugs and their validity in sports. Some experts have even argued that these drugs and supplements are totally unregulated by the sporting bodies.Professional sport provides opportunities to all sportsmen to pursue excellence. It is an advantage for those who can compete with the best. Most importantly, it is a given that the best player wins.This important benefit ensures that there is no problem with the integrity of the sport. Anyone with a little understanding of the game can not easily doubt the quality of competition, or the benefits of using performance enhancing drugs. But what has become a growing problem is the fact that some professionals have decided to use such supplements. Not only has this created a bad image of professional sportsmen, but also has distorted the entire game of athletics and sports.The rules have to be considered seriously when determining the right way to define professional sport. There is no denying that a sporting body or association must look at the overall reputation of the sport to decide what constitutes a professional game. This will depend on the history of the sport and the standards of the individuals involved. Will performance enhancing drugs still be considered a part of the game?

Ben Franklin Essays (1304 words) - Stoves, Benjamin Franklin

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin was a man of many ideas. He was able to come up with hundreds of inventions which played big roles at that time and for the future. He greatly affected the lives of many people around the world at that time period and at this time period with the things that he had invented. One of Ben Franklin's greatest inventions was the Franklin stove. He took the model of the old stove and made it even better and more energy sufficient. The people of Philadelphia wanted the Franklin stove for two main reasons. The first reason is it gave off two times more heat than the old wood burning stoves. The second reason is it used one half the energy required for the old wood burning stoves(Cousins 88). This means that people didn't have to chop down as many trees and split as much wood. They were able to used the wood for more useful things than just burning it. Ben wrote, ?Since wood has become so expensive, any new proposal for saving the wood may at least be worth consideration?(Parker 13). They could use wood to build house or any other kinds of building or structures. They could also used the extra wood to build furniture and other things for the inside of their houses. Also there would be a lot of extra wood because less wood was required for burning. It was also was a lot less dangerous because it was a closed flame rather than an open fire. Ben found out that the women in his family that stayed home each day, did not get as many cold and toothaches as they used to(Cousins 89). ?Soon every women in Philadelphia wanted a Franklin stove?(Cousins 89). ?The Pennsylvania authorities were very pleased. They offered Franklin the patent for his design of the stove. This meant that he could earn money for every Franklin stove made. He refused saying that he was glad to be able to serve others.? (Parker 13) This was a truly great inventions for the people of that time and the present. During that time, wood burning was everyone's source of heat, now there are many sources of heat. People still burn wood and it is probably the cheapest way to heat a house. Many people also use it as their primary source of heat or just as back up heat just in case something happens. Ben Franklin next invention was great for the people with a vision impairment. They were the bifocals. They are a pair of glasses which have one lens separated into two halves. ? One had a convex lens for reading and close work. The other had less convex lenses for looking at faraway objects? (Parker 14). Before Ben had bifocals, he had to carry around two pairs of glasses. One pair for when he was reading and the other pair for when he was walking about (Cousins 95). Many people loved this because they did not always have to carry around two pairs of glasses everywhere they went. The invention of bifocals was a great idea that the people of the future liked and use a lot. When it comes to electricity, Ben Franklin is the first thing that pops up in most people's head. Ben didn't invent electricity but he was able to do many things that were really incredible. His first and most famous experiment with electricity was him flying a kite in a thunderstorm. ?He wanted to prove that lightning is electricity? (Usel 15). So Ben and his son William, had decided to try an electrical experiment during a thunderstorm. They both walked to the top of a hill and let the kite go up. They wanted to get electricity to hit the rod on the kite and travel down the rope and hit the key. Soon, the fiber of the string that he was holding began to stand up and then he received a tingle of an electric shock from the key in the palm of his hands (Cousins 110). He also brought along a bottle so he could trap the electricity in it. ?This was a great moment in the history of electricity. Ben himself must have been overcome with wonder, because he never said much about it. He talked about almost everything else. The reports of the discovery did not come out for several years later.? (Cousins 112) ?As soon as

Describe the most important features of Liturgical worship, non liturgical and charismatic worship Essays

Describe the most important features of Liturgical worship, non liturgical and charismatic worship Essays Describe the most important features of Liturgical worship, non liturgical and charismatic worship Paper Describe the most important features of Liturgical worship, non liturgical and charismatic worship Paper In a liturgical Church, services have a set order. This means that all services are always exactly the same, no matter what country they are conducted in. The only difference is the language it is conducted in.In Liturgical Church services, the altar is at the centre of the Eucharist, or thanksgiving. This is because the altar is the place where the sacrifice of the Eucharist takes place. This is the sacrifice made by Jesus on the cross. This gift of himself is shown in the bread and wine offered at the Eucharist.Roman Catholics believe in the Transubstantiation. This is the act in which the bread and the wine offered by the priest at the altar actually become the body and blood of Christ. The bread and the wine also remind us of the Last Supper shared by Jesus and the Apostles.The priest wears special garments to show that he is different from the laity (the congregation). The long white garment worn on the inside is called the Alb. It is meant to remind us of the long, flowing whit e garments worn in the middle east, which is of course where Jesus lived, to keep cool. The outer garment is called the Chasuble. Chasubles have been used since Roman times, so the priest wears it as a symbol of the antiquity of the priesthood. The colour of the Chasuble depends upon the time of the religious calendar. It is a different colour during each major festival of the year, e.g.: purple during Lent.Finally, the priest wears a Stole. This is the long scarf-like garment he wears around the neck and which almost reaches down to his ankles. It is a symbol of the priests authority.The most important part of the Liturgical service is the Liturgy of the Word. It is a planned reading read by the priest, and represents the theme of the entire service. The theme corresponds with the time of the liturgical or religious year.In a non-liturgical Church, services have no set order. Instead, the Bible is the focus of services, and worship is spontaneous, often involving joyful singing and dancing. Church buildings are a lot plainer, and the altar is a table. A lot more importance is given to the Sermon preaching and teaching from the minister, and to prayer, than to ceremony and tradition. Again the offering of the bread and the wine plays an important part, but as in the charismatic and Anglican denominations, the Church does not believe in the Transubstantiation. Community singing and hymn books play important parts in worship.In charismatic Churches, attention is mainly focused n the Holy Spirit. There is no service order as the congregation wait upon the Holy Spirit to provide the inspiration and its gifts. Worship involves plenty of drama, with healing of illnesses etc. via the laying on of hands by the minister, people speaking in prophecy tongues, and enthusiastic hymns. There are no symbols in the church building, which can often be just a plain building. Great importance is also placed upon Bible readings, the preaching of the minister, and prayer.